Priestleys use of dramatic techniques to create tension in An Inspector Calls :: English Literature

Analyze Priestley's utilization of emotional strategies to make pressure in the play. Clerical was a communist essayist, and 'An Inspector Calls' is one of the plays where he attempted to show his communist beliefs in. The play was written in the 1940's, a brief time after the finish of the Second Universal War, and it was first acted in 1946, in Russia, afterward in England. Consecrated had served in World War 1, and the horrendous scenes he saw lead to him having communist perspectives. He was roused by different essayists whose sees he shared, particularly George Orwell and H.G. Wells, both of whom references are made to in the initial pages of the play. A great deal of the strain in the play is among Birling and the Inspector, both of who are incredible figures in the family unit and are both competing for strength, making a great deal of strain. This is emblematic of the worldwide battle among private enterprise and communism, the Inspector speaks to Priestley's communist perspectives, and Birling, the absolute opposite of the Inspector speaks to industrialist sees, which is clarified through his discourse the interests of Capital consistently expanding success. At the point when the Inspector is there, Birling is exceptionally quick to drop the fault on another person, demanding I can't acknowledge any obligation which is a complete complexity of what the Inspector says, advising the family to share the fault among yourselves when I have left This steady struggle, which is frequently at the core of the emotional classification itself, ensures there is pressure at whatever point the two characters are conversing with one another. This contention isn't the just one inside the play. Eric additionally takes the side of the Inspector, causing pressure among him and his dad after the Inspector has left, this side is likewise taken by Sheila, causing a split in the family, which can be seen by I assume we're all pleasant individuals now. and What's the utilization of talking about. No one's breathed life into her, have they? Whereas Birling says, after the Inspector was seen as phony This has any kind of effect y'know. Actually it has a significant effect. Also the reference the Assessor makes about Socialism being an exercise we need to learn We are individuals from one body in the event that men won't discover that exercise, at that point they will be shown it in fire and blood and anguish. This is a reference to the manner in which Priestley believed that Capitalism was the reason for First Universal War, which he himself served in, the fire and blood and anguish being a reference to occasions he saw while battling on the bleeding edge.

I think that pornography is harmful to a couples relationship Essay

I believe that sex entertainment is hurtful to a couples relationship - Essay Example In today’s universe of innovation where everything has gone digital, all sight and sound including sex entertainment is accessible on the web effectively open far and wide and has become an integral part of people’s sexual lives particularly youths. I would emphatically prescribe all couples to acknowledge this thought to be a sound piece of their connections and, if there should arise an occurrence of any distinction of conclusions, to examine straightforwardly about this motivation and check out it to encounter the productive result it creates between them. Through ages, reviews have been led to decide if erotic entertainment is hurtful for a relationship and what impacts it produces for a couple. Therefore, specialists have recognized barely any settled realities about the delayed consequences of watching erotic entertainment by a couple, independently or together. On the off chance that we find regarding by and large watching it, we go over two significant preferenc es it gives as clarified in a talk by Mr. Chen: It adds to the learning and sexual information on couple. They can teach by distinguishing new energizing exercises and approaches to genuinely mate with one’s accomplice. They can realize better approaches to invigorate the accomplice and about the dos and don’ts during sex. It likewise adds to their science by improving the closeness and happiness between them in bed. Couples will in general get exhausted soon because of reiteration of comparative exercises in each meeting. Erotic entertainment makes them anticipate their standard intercourse meetings where they can give new things as observed a shot video, making better rush and varieties (Chen, 14 March 2013). Assortment in sexual relationship has a crucial impact for practically all couples. As indicated by Crooks and Baur, numerous people have a misguided judgment that energy and feelings of excitement mixed in their sexual encounters will consistently remain equiva lent to in beginning stage. Before long, they look for options as their redeeming quality to pick up fulfillment which they can't get any longer from their own relationship (Crooks and Baur, pp. 201). This devastates a relationship totally and may at last outcome in separation out of requirement for change! This is the place the basic job of sex entertainment clears in, making new vibes of delights and exotic nature. It is significant for couple to permit its contribution in their sexual lives and examine about it when the need emerges. Talking on an individual level, it is likewise important to have individual space to watch sex entertainment sporadically when the person in question feels also overdosed with intercourse. Additionally, as per an article gave in Elia’s book, investigates demonstrated that people, particularly men, guarantee that, roused from strategies utilized in explicit substance, they found new techniques to delight themselves and guide their accomplices t o do likewise during sex to invigorate them better. The hankering to ad lib and to take a stab at something other than what's expected got satisfied for the greater part of the men by entertaining themselves with self-delight while watching erotic entertainment (Elia, John and Albert, pp. 283). Sexual joys are the essential objective for any close movement completed by a couple. In his book, â€Å"Sex Industry: Porn and Prostitution† (Pp. 269-273), recommends that self-joys while watching sex entertainment propels people to attempt these exercises with their accomplices also. They partner engaging in sexual relations with their accomplices to the award of getting feelings of excitement and at last climax. There is a chance of improvement of enthusiastic connections in a couple through accomplishing climaxes which thus are guided through training educated by means of erotic entertainment. In this way, it may end up being valuable to find oneself through self-joy practices duri ng erotic entertainment and

An Introduction to Knowledge Management

An Introduction to Knowledge Management Nowadays, the boundaries of companies and organisations are blurring as the world is becoming increasingly connected.  As Dave Gray puts it: “by changing the way we create, access and share information, social networks are changing the power structure in society”. Knowledge management is a key way to harness these changes and in this article Ill explain why and how to do so. Knowledge Management Knowledge Management develops systems and processes to acquire and share intellectual assets and collective knowledge. It increases the amount  of useful, actionable, and meaningful information available, and seeks to increase both individual and team learning. In addition, Knowledge Management can maximise the value of an organisation’s intellectual base, across diverse functions and disparate locations. In this article  I will take you through the theories behind Knowledge Management and share three best practices, so youre able to take this advice directly to your business or organisation. Benefits of Knowledge Management There are two different sets of benefits associated with good knowledge management: traditional benefits and connectivity benefits. Traditional benefits are well known by most organisations. These include: better use of existing resources increased productivity and consistency establishment of best practices creation of institutional memory team retention faster learning curves competitive advantage capacity to replicate success. With these benefits, good knowledge management helps the organisation to stay flexible and adaptable, while promoting creativity and innovation. On the other hand, connectivity benefits include: internal and external support networks empowerment and engagement trust and reputation wider geographical reach a stronger and united voice, given that nowadays every member of an organisation is also an ambassador.   In recent times, these connectivity benefits are gaining more relevance as companies are adapting to new ways of operating. As a result, companies are  working more with both trusted partners and  freelance professionals, who are drawn on  for project work.   Get started with Knowledge Mapping! Sign up for MindMeister Try it free! Sign up for MindMeister Does Knowledge Management always work? Based on my fifteen years of experience and exposure to numerous companies and industries, my answer would be no. Every now and then, companies decide to embark on a knowledge management initiative, because many executives recognise intellectual capital as their most valuable asset. A typical mistake is to assign such an initiative to the IT department, when two key elements of knowledge management are the people involved and their willingness to share. For this reason, any Knowledge Management initiative should focus on the people, not the technology. Principles for good practice In this series of articles, we will elaborate on how to implement a successful knowledge management initiative and how collaborative mind mapping can help with this process. This innovative approach is based on the following three principles for good practice: 1. Have documents which are easy to create, share and re-arrange Members of your organisation should be able to share their knowledge in the easiest way possible. If the process  is difficult, the level of engagement and amount of contribution will reduce dramatically. Similarly, any knowledge domain is organic and will evolve with time, so the different domains and different knowledge assets will need to be re-arranged (forgotten even). This process should also be extremely easy. In my experience, SharePoint and Wikis won’t fulfill this principle, especially when it comes to re-arranging, which is why we advocate for knowledge mapping. A Knowledge Map on the social media strategy at MeisterLabs, for example, could end up looking something like this: 2. Knowledge should be organised as an ontology, not as a taxonomy In case I’m not using these big terms in their traditional sense; by taxonomy I mean a tree diagram, and by ontology I mean something like a network. We are all very familiar with working with folders and folders within folders (a taxonomy). Sadly, this system for storing information is not good enough for capturing our precious common knowledge. Different people access different domains of knowledge via different paths. Mind mapping allow us to create intuitive models of the common knowledge (ontologies) which are easy to navigate and work with. 3. The knowledge model should be built from the ground up This third principle is quite straight-forward: whatever the Knowledge Management system, it should be built from the ground up. We recommend building your Knowledge Management system around communities of practice and starting small. The way we do it is as follows: first choose a specific company objective that is closely connected to knowledge (low hanging fruit), second define a small community of practice around it and give them a clear goal. Finally, start working on that specific domain for that specific target. By doing so you will create a small but functional Knowledge Management environment, which is useful for everyone from day one. People within this community will feel ownership, will subsequently look after their domains and will feel comfortable using the platform. Next steps So there’s our overview of the benefits of Knowledge Management and the three key principles for good practice, to begin our Knowledge Mapping series. Stay tuned for the next article in which well discuss: What should be considered knowledge and what should be considered information and the differences between, using a few intuitive examples An introduction to Knowledge Mapping, as we demonstrate how to use MindMeister to map knowledge. In you enjoyed this article, check out the second article in the Knowledge Mapping series: How to Build a Knowledge Map. Get started with Knowledge Mapping. Try out MindMeister Try out MindMeister

Essay on Parkinsons Disease and Tissue Transplants

For nearly 100 years neural tissue has been transplanted in animals. Transplantation of neural tissue into humans, however, began only a few years ago (1). It has been found in animals, that fetal brain grafts in damaged adult host brains reduce some of the functional deficits caused by brain lesions. Even though some neurons from the transplanted tissue survive and develop reciprocal connections with host brain tissue, this is not enough to completely replace damaged fibers and support behavioral recovery Usually the grafts will not develop a normal morphological appearance, but some metabolic activity can be found within the transplant. Release and diffusion of trophic substances from the transplant and the damaged host brain may†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, adrenal medullary transplants have proved to be only minimally effective (4). Fetal brain transplants have been more successful in animal and human studies, but ethical concerns have been raised. An alternative method using genetically engineered fibroblasts has been introduced. Although the fibroblasts may be used as a source of trophic factors or hormones, they lack neuronal properties that may be important in future development of neural transplants. A new technique has been devised to overcome these limitations: transplantation with temperature-sensitive immortalized clonal neural cells (4). One example of this system was to use primary rat central nervous system cells immortalized with a temperature-sensitive Rous Sarcoma virus, cloned, and previously analyzed for neural and glial characteristics. The cells were not permissive for replication of the avian virus, however, expression of the viral genes did occur. The cells were transformed and immortalized at 34 °C but differentiated at 38 °C. Along with differentiation came a halt in cell division, extension of neurites, and the appearance of developmentally regulated molecules such as neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAL1) and the cellular isoform of a prion protein (4). There would be many theoretical advantages to a temperature- sensitive cell system. There would be unlimited availability of cells and application to any transmitter system.Show MoreRelatedA Research Study On Stem Cell Therapy1450 Words   |  6 Pageshuman race. As time went by your race has gotten to the point where we are able to develop new drugs, vaccines and treatments to help out others in need. Stem cell therapy is one of the new therapies that are used to treat a disease or prevent it. Bone marrow transplants are one type of therapy that has been used for the treatment of leukemia for a while now. 1,6Stem cell therapy is used to replace damaged, diseased, or malfunctioning cells anywhere in the body with healthy cells. When a stemRead More Fetal Neural Transplantation in the Treatment of Parkinsons and Huntington1532 Words   |  7 PagesTwo Diseases, One Hope: Fetal Neural Transplantation in the Treatment of Parkinsons and Huntingtons Disease Parkinsons Disease (PD) and Huntingtons Disease (HD) are neurodegenerative diseases that are caused by malfunctions within the motor sector of the nervous system. These malfunctions, which are caused either by the surplus (as in HD) or absence (as in PD) of hormones, are a direct result of neural cell deterioration within the brain. PD and HD illustrate two very different behavioralRead MoreDo Implanted Embryonic Dopamine Neurons in Parkinsons Disease in Patients Provide Relief or Not1272 Words   |  6 Pagesinitiation and reduce voluntary movements. While hyperkinetic disorders cause too much involuntary movements. There have been many primate models of Parkinsons disease but the one caused by MPTP is the one that is most alike to Parkinsons disease found in humans. Animals that are treated with MPTP develop symptoms that are similar to people with Parkinsons disease such as Akinesia, Bradykinesia, flexed posture, muscle rigidity, and postural tremor. Not all monkeys develop the t remor characteristic butRead MoreFetal Tissues And Its Effects3570 Words   |  15 Pages Fetal tissues are advantageous in medical therapy for a myriad of ways. Most commonly, the fetal tissue cells would be used to treat neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s, Huntington’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. More recent breakthroughs show possibilities of the use of fetal tissues for diabetes and an assortment of blood and immune disorders. (Bachoud, 2000) Fetal tissues divide more rapidly than matured tissues, making them better candidates for the experimental medical therapyRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell Research Essay1265 Words   |  6 Pagesleft over from in vitro fertilization procedures to search for potential treatments or ways to prevent diseases such as Parkinson s disease, Alzheimer s, diabetes and other conditions.† (Gardner). Although there is controversy behind stem cells, the majority of Americans support scientists in stem cell research. Stem cell research is beneficial because they can help treat Parkinson’s disease, replace or repair damaged organs, and they specialize undifferentiated cells. The term stem cell was firstRead MoreAdult Stem Cells Vs. Embryonic Stem Cell Research1108 Words   |  5 Pagescells created are known as stem cells† (Miller Ph.D., Levine Ph.D., 2012). Embryonic and Adult stem cells are the only types of stem cells. Stem cell research shows a good deal of promise in the aiding of curing diseases. Both embryonic and adult stem cells show promise in curing diseases, but it is unclear which type of stem cell is more effective. The human embryo for embryonic stem cell research requires the ova from a woman to make this possible. This requires many risks to the woman givingRead More Use of Fetal Tissue Research to Cure/Treat Neurological Disorder1012 Words   |  5 PagesUse of Fetal Tissue Research to Cure/Treat Neurological Disorder The assertion that brain equals behavior brings up many questions and concerns. I am currently most concerned by the effects of physical damage to the brain. Although we have concluded that behavior is based at the lowest level upon the workings of neurons, it is the actual integration of these neurons that account for behavior. Any damage done to the brain either by disease or other disorders can result in a direct change in notRead MoreA Very Brief Look at Xenotransplantation 964 Words   |  4 PagesXenotransplantation originate from Greek â€Å"xenos-† meaning â€Å"foreign†. It is the transplant or use of live nonhuman animal cells, tissues and organs in humans or between different species. A similar approach is called allotransplantation which is the same procedure, just within the same species. These cells and organs can be implanted or enclosed in a device that is used outside the body (ex vivo perfusion). Xenotransplantation can help human beings suffering fro m organ failure to save lives. EveryRead MoreStem Cell Therapy Project Essay examples678 Words   |  3 PagesINVESTIGATING BIOTECHNOLOGY Stem Cell Therapy Project Stem Cell Therapy Definition Stem cell therapy is the use of a person’s own stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition. A form of stem cell therapy that has been used for many years is bone marrow transplants. Application 1. Medical Uses Bone-marrow has been used to treat patients with cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma. This is the most common form of stem cell therapy and has been used for over 30 years. ChemotherapyRead MoreStem Cells And Its Effects On Society909 Words   |  4 Pagesspecific genes. They created the mice using embryonic stem cells and homologous recombination. In 2007, they  were recognized by the  Nobel Assembly because their experiment proved  to be  an irreplaceable piece of evidence to understand how various human disease such as diabetes and cancer develop. On November 6, 1998 the first batch of embryonic stem cells that originated from early embryos. Then eleven years later, President Obama signed an executive order to repeal some restrictions on human embryonic

The Positive Effects Of Fashion Has On One s Life

In my blog post, I am going to be discussing the positive effects fashion can have on one’s life. My intended audience will be high school and college students who have somewhat of an interest in fashion, and also want to make their daily lives easier and more productive. I start off my blog post by asking the readers a question and making a statement that they would think is not true. After that, I go into my specifics where I discuss the three main aspects of my statement: fitting in, authority, and comfort. Each of these topics have their own claims which I use research to back up. Following that, I provide different types of examples to help develop my claim. I also included photos which gives a visual representation of each of my points. In my opinion, the most important part of my post would be the evidence I provide backing up these sources. Some of the evidence, for example where I mentions how dressing better helps you land a job, can be crucial, especially for my audience. I provide them with points that they can personally relate to and I believe it will help me reach out to them better. Furthermore, the use of images can provide a visual example which can attract the attention of my audience. Additionally, the images can portray what can occur when you follow the tips provided. Look Good Feel Better Why should you care about the way you dress ? It is just clothing right it can’t really make a difference. People view fashion as this superficialShow MoreRelated1920s Fashion Essay1036 Words   |  5 Pages1920s Fashion In the 1920s, fashion trends were the shorter low-waisted dresses and revealing styles worn by flappers. With their short-bobbed hairstyles and cloche hats, down to scarves and stocking with bold. The 1920s fashion strikes the design era for fashion by having change in the women’s fashion. The fashion changed and characterized the women in the 1920s, as they called it the roaring twenties the women started gaining their free rights and independence. Fashion for women had a positiveRead More90s Hip Hop and Rap1320 Words   |  6 Pageship-hop first started to come together in the 1970 s, but didn t really materialize and become popular until the 1990 s. With a huge surge in popularity and growth in the 1990 s, it seemed that rap and hip-hop had started a cultural phenomenon that still has noticeable effects easily seen today in music and also in pop culture. A cultural phenomenon is an idea, trend, or movement that shapes and defines that time period. During the 1990 s, rap and hip-hop spread like wild fire across the nationRead MoreHow Fashion Has Reflected the Changes in Society1429 Words   |  6 PagesHow Fashion Has Reflected the Changes in Society INTRODUCTION Change is a theme that is ever-present in our culture and society. Often this change is reflected in the dress of its people. From the fashionable silhouettes of the 1920’s to the colorful 60’s, hip-hop look of 90’s up to the modern twist of today, social change and change in fashion has, in theory and practice, been linked. According to ask.com, Fashion can be defined as a prevalent style by a particular group at a particular timeRead MoreThe, Colorado And California A M Kingsville975 Words   |  4 Pagesmusic and television also remember her that she must spend money on Victoria’s Secret. Her greatest dream is to have the body that Julia has, the hottest model in Victoria’s Secret, but according to her, she is fat in contrast with her, also she want to emulate Julia in every aspect of her day life. Like Tina, many girls are fascinating in the way that fashion is, with exotic designs or unique smell, but they do not recognize that advertising is striking them more than they believe. Eating disordersRead MoreHow Fashion Has Changed The Lifestyles Of Everyday Life1519 Words   |  7 Pagesto start a fashion line in 1920’s? Fashion lets people define themselves by putting different styles together and creating something unique. Nevertheless, people see fashion as making a statement. Fashion gives individuality and lets indivauls create a statement for ourselves. However, people will also have on vintage wear whether the notice or not. Fashion change the lifestyles of many giving people a chance to be themselves Couture introduced itself in the 19th century when fashion designer,Read MoreDesigning A Garment From A Technical Drawing887 Words   |  4 PagesDesigning has always been my expression way through different channels like painting, illustration, puppet making, costume design creating a garment from a technical drawing. Briefly, I have started learning the meaning of design term as a narrowed down topic that comes from the visual, sensational and artistic side. In the art and design disciplines, there is no need asking other s opinions to complete an artwork. I mean Leonardo or Picasso had never asked help from someone else to finish hisRead MoreShort Story : N The Screen And Koons 1460 Words   |  6 PagesCooke Writing II n the screen and Koons Inside all adults are their 10 year old self’s, contained but there. For Jeff Koons, his profession has thus far been based on his love for the pure joy of childhood. Coming from a loving family, art and design was been present in his life from the start. His parents careers effected how he views the world and what he has done with the opportunities they gave to him. After attending Maryland Institute of College of Art and School of the Art Institute in ChicagoRead MoreThe Fashion : Unrealistic And Harmful Perceptions Of Beauty1500 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fashion Industrys’ Unrealistic and Harmful Perceptions of Beauty As you are flipping through the pages of any fashion magazine, you see that they are plastered with freakishly skinny, young women made up to resemble perfect barbie dolls. If you are the average american girl, you would probably be feeling a little more insecure about yourself than when you first opened the magazine. You begin to realize everything that you wish you could look like and are stuck comparing yourself to images thatRead MoreSchool Uniforms1506 Words   |  7 Pagesorderly, creates teachers who focus on teaching and students who focus on their job of learning† (Bily, 2014 p.5). The school dress code debate is not new and the belief that it makes schools safer and improves learning and test scores has been in the forefront as one of the many ways to improve and promote education in our country. The school classrooms in this country are nothing like they were in the past. Reading, writing, and arithmetic are basics of learning and help to build a strong foundation Read More Objectification Theory Essays1736 Words   |  7 Pagesto these women can lead to feelings of inadequacy, depression, and an overall low self-esteem. (Expand on, need a good opening paragraph to grab the reader’s attention) Objectification Theory Objectification theory has been proposed as a standard for understanding the effects of living in a culture that sexually objectifies women (Fredrickson Roberts, 1997). Objectification occurs when a person’s body is treated like a separate entity and is evaluated on its own merit, without consideration

Womens Place in Our Society Free Essays

Today women are enjoying high place in our society because Islam has given them great respect. In the near past women were considered inferior to men. They were debarred from taking part in social life. We will write a custom essay sample on Womens Place in Our Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Their sphere of activities was limited to domestic work. Up to the 19th century it was believed that women were the servants of the homes of their husbands. In those days women were not allowed to take part in political and social life and administration. Rousseau the French philosopher who never married once said The dignity of woman consists in being unknown to the world her glory is the esteem of her husband her pleasure the happiness of her family. Quite recently women have come to take more and more prominent part in many spheres of life In some respects they have excelled men. In sports intellectual and artist pursuits in office and industry they have set a new record of honesty and efficiency. They have succeeded marvelously as teachers and nurses goldsmith the famous poet and writer made a complaint two centuries ago Women famed of their valour their skill in politics or their learning have left the duties of their own sex in order to invade the privilege of ours. This is what the women are doing today. Now women are enjoying that place in society. Which they could never think of it past. There is particularly no field where women are not competing with men. In professions outdoor life and law they claim equality with men. In business trade industry in the learned professions in politics administration, scientific research literary and artistic activities. Eve is making herself felt everywhere. They are police and military officers. They are working as sale girls as air hostesses and as clerks and steno typists. They are turning out men from the posts of personal secretaries. As the days pass we have to get more and more used to the idea of seeing women working side by side of men riding driving, flying, playing even fighting. Even in Pakistan we have women athletes writers, leaders, administrators. They are fast discarding purdah and taking to active outdoor life. Law has given a woman a status equal to that of man. In nearly every democratic country women have the right to vote. Not only this now women got a chance to become the head of he state. The selection of Benazir Bhutto as Prime Minister twice in a great example of women’s place in society. Many other women are also serving at key posts. Many thinkers including most of the Muslims do not like their idea of woman liking an active part in public life and in the professions. They argue that biologically woman’s function is different from man’s she has to be a mother. Women are not suitable for every job. They are too delicate to perform arduous duties of life. The real greatness of a woman lies in her role as mother. It is rightly said the hand that rocks the cradle rules the world. The mother who can bring up the right sort of children is really a great benefactor of society. Islamic society gives a very respectable position to woman. The Holy Prophet has said â€Å"Verily the paradise lies under the feet of your mother†. How to cite Womens Place in Our Society, Papers

Discuss in detail the Fugue from Bach Essay Example For Students

Discuss in detail the Fugue from Bach Essay To live is to suffer. 1 Spitta claims that this idea is persistent throughout the b minor fugue no. 24 from Bachs Well-Tempered Clavier Book 1 and that it was Bachs purpose to produce a picture of human misery. 2 By looking at this fugue, particularly Bachs use of subject and counter-subject, this essay will aim to discover how justified Spittas opinions are. The direction Largo is Bachs own and comparing it to the other fugues in the Tovey edition, this fugue is unique in being given such a direction by the composer himself. 3 The emotion poured into its composition may have been why Bach felt a performance direction meaning slowly and stately was necessary. 4 The fugue is the longest in the book perhaps because it was the final piece in the book, possibly because b minor was, according to Spitta, Bachs favourite key, but more likely in order to convey suffering and misery effectively. 5 The subject shown in figure 1 contains all twelve notes of the chromatic scale and is described by Spitta as sighing, saddened and pain stricken. 6 Upon listening to it there is a general feeling of unease. The six pairs of quavers, slurring the interval of a minor second are described by Keller as a sigh-motive. 7 Each pair gives the listener a feel of resolution but followed by immediate continuation, building up tension in the subject alone and as a whole the subject depicts the feeling of misery to the listener. The subject and its tonal answer both enter in full a number of times. In order to increase tension further Bach uses small fragments of the subject, teasing the listener into thinking that the subject has returned but then cutting it short. This further enhances the idea of suffering and misery. Figure 2 shows this used on two separate occasions when only the first three notes of the subject are heard. These notes give a feeling of foreboding and sound sombre against the light, bouncy, sequential patterns of the first episode that precede and follow it. This device is also used in the only complete stretto passage of the piece shown in figure 3. 8 Bach uses the first 9 notes of the subject in the first 3 entries and then finally the subject in full. It begins in the soprano in b. 41 followed by the alto in b. 42 then bass in b. 43 and finally in b. 44 the full subject begins in the tenor. This stretto builds tension through its use of repetition. The counter-subject in this fugue is quite difficult to categorise. In his analysis, Iliffe categorises the counter-subject as beginning on the second note of b. 4 to the first not of b. 7. 9 As the fugue progresses, however, the counter-subject is broken up into various segments which are used in different voices, in varying orders and in inversion. Kellers analysis of the counter-subject is shown in figure 4 and is preferable as it breaks it down into a bridge (a), the counter-subject (b) and a continuation passage (c). 10 The counter-subject in particular is the chief cause of discords and Keller says it has relentless harshness further adding to the misery and suffering depicted in the piece. 11 Bachs manipulation of the counter-subject is another analogy to life. Things are not always as expected and Bach plays with convention. He uses motifs from the counter subject in the third voice shown in figure 5. Firstly the bridge section is sounded in inversion (a) and then Bach inverts the first three notes of the counter subject (b). The sequences between bars 17 21 are classed, by Iliffe, as the first episode, but form part of an extended exposition. .u7cb2cc845e95c9e146486b8e2ecf5d7c , .u7cb2cc845e95c9e146486b8e2ecf5d7c .postImageUrl , .u7cb2cc845e95c9e146486b8e2ecf5d7c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7cb2cc845e95c9e146486b8e2ecf5d7c , .u7cb2cc845e95c9e146486b8e2ecf5d7c:hover , .u7cb2cc845e95c9e146486b8e2ecf5d7c:visited , .u7cb2cc845e95c9e146486b8e2ecf5d7c:active { border:0!important; } .u7cb2cc845e95c9e146486b8e2ecf5d7c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7cb2cc845e95c9e146486b8e2ecf5d7c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7cb2cc845e95c9e146486b8e2ecf5d7c:active , .u7cb2cc845e95c9e146486b8e2ecf5d7c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7cb2cc845e95c9e146486b8e2ecf5d7c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7cb2cc845e95c9e146486b8e2ecf5d7c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7cb2cc845e95c9e146486b8e2ecf5d7c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7cb2cc845e95c9e146486b8e2ecf5d7c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7cb2cc845e95c9e146486b8e2ecf5d7c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7cb2cc845e95c9e146486b8e2ecf5d7c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7cb2cc845e95c9e146486b8e2ecf5d7c .u7cb2cc845e95c9e146486b8e2ecf5d7c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7cb2cc845e95c9e146486b8e2ecf5d7c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Chaucer Used Poetic Form EssayTypically the first episode of a fugue marks the start of the development but here, to prolong the suffering, Bach stays in the tonic and a redundant entry of the subject in b. 21 completes the exposition. 12 Splitting the counter-subject up and tricking the listener by extending the exposition means the fugue never sounds resolved until its end. This makes the fugue unique listening when compared to the others in the book. Although beautiful to listen to this unrelenting continuation is in a way suffering for the listener until the fugue ends. This can be likened to the way Bach viewed life as constant suffering. There are some wonderful but frustrating moments in the fugue where the listener expects a resolution but the fugue just continues. In figure 6 the exposition is coming to an end and as the first chord of b. 24 is sounded the listener can almost breathe a sigh of relief at the sound of a perfect cadence. Bach doesnt allow this to last long though as the second episode continues on the next semi-quaver and the exposition is complete, the listener barely having time to take in what has been heard previously in much the same way that life continues relentlessly. From the examples shown it is clear that Spittas opinions are valid. A uniquely chromatic subject with unusual minor second intervals creates the human misery. The use of three counter-subject motifs in different voices, inversions and orders mean the listener, as in life, never knows what to expect. The exposition and suffering is extended by including the first episode within it and following it with a redundant entry of the subject in the tonic. Being the only fugue which the composer added a tempo and expressive marking to Bach clearly felt strongly about its content and impact on the listener. The fugue being in his favourite key can only have helped Bach create such strong emotive qualities, really express misery through music and convey the idea that to live is to suffer. Bibliography: Bach, J. S. ed. Donald Francis Tovey, Forty Eight Preludes and Fugues Book I (London: The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music, 1951) Iliffe, Frederick, Analysis of Bachs 48 Preludes Fugues Book 1 (London: Novell, n. d. ) Keller, Hermann, The Well Tempered Clavier by Johann Sebastian Bach (London: Gorge, Allen Unwin, 1976) Spitta, Philipp, Johann Sebastian Bach Volume II (New York: Dover Publications, 1951) Taylor, Eric, The AB Guide To Music Theory (London: The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music, 1989) Discography: Bach, J. S. The Well-Tempered Clavier Book I, Robert Levin (2000. Compact Disc. Hi nssler CD92116) 1 Philipp Spitta, Johann Sebastian Bach Volume II (New York: Dover Publications, 1951), p. 176. 2 Spitta, Bach, p. 176. 3 J S Bach ed. Donald Francis Tovey, Forty Eight Preludes and Fugues Book I (London: The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music, 1951), p. 176. 4 Eric Taylor, The AB Guide To Music Theory (London: The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music, 1989), Glossary p.xviii. 5 Spitta, Bach, p. 176. 6 Spitta, Bach, p. 176. 7 Hermann Keller, The Well Tempered Clavier by Johann Sebastian Bach (London: Gorge, Allen Unwin, 1976), p. 126. 8 Frederick Iliffe, Analysis of Bachs 48 Preludes Fugues Book 1 (London: Novell, n. d. ), p. 82-3 9 Iliffe, Analysis, p. 82 10 Keller, Well-Tempered Clavier, p. 126-7 11 Bach ed. Tovey, Forty Eight Preludes Fugues, p. 176 and Keller, Well-Tempered Clavier, p. 126 12 Iliffe, Analysis, p. 82 History A: Assignment 1 Bach Fugue No. 24 Pete Town 20243270.